Epidemiologic Reviews 24:125-136 (2002)
© 2002 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Evolution of Surveillance of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella in England and Wales: Providing the Platform for Evidence-based Vaccination Policy
1 PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, London, United Kingdom. 2 Enteric, Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, United Kingdom. 3 Seroepidemiology Unit, Preston Public Health Laboratory, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom.
Received for publication May 20, 2002; accepted for publication September 25, 2002.
Abbreviations: COVER, Cover of Vaccination Evaluated Rapidly; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; MMR, measles-mumps-rubella.
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INTRODUCTION |
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Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective measures for preventing morbidity and mortality that modern medicine has to offer (1). Measles, mumps, and rubella are three viral infections causing significant morbidity for which an effective vaccine is available. Otitis media (5 percent of cases), pneumonia or bronchitis (4 percent), and neurologic complications (1 percent), including subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, are associated with cases of measles (2), while mumps is recognized as a common cause of aseptic meningitis and can cause orchitis in adult males (3). Rubella infection in pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can cause miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome, which is characterized by a pattern of congenital abnormalities including nerve deafness, cataracts, cardiac abnormalities, and mental retardation (4, 5).
Before vaccines became available, immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella was obtained through acquisition of the wild-type virus. In 1968, a
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SURVEILLANCE METHODS |
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Vaccination coverage
Clinical notifications
Laboratory-confirmed cases
Antibody prevalence
Other sources of information
Epidemiology of measles, mumps, and rubella infection in England and Wales and vaccination policy
Measles
Prevaccine era and 1968–1988. 1988–1994. 1995 onwards. Mumps
Prevaccine era. 1988–1994. 1995 onwards. Rubella
Prevaccination era and 1970–1988. 1988–1994. 1995 onwards.
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CONCLUSIONS |
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