Epidemiol Rev 2003;25:77-89
Copyright © 2003 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
PREVENTION |
Role of Environmental Interventions in Injury Control and Prevention
From the University of Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center, Iowa City, IA.
Received for publication August 29, 2002; accepted for publication February 3, 2003.
Abbreviation: CPTED, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.
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CAUSAL MODEL OF INJURIES |
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Injuries result from transfer of energy to a human host. In the epidemiologic model of infectious disease, microbes are the "agents" of infection. Similarly, in the epidemiologic model of traumatic injury, energy is the "agent" of injury (figure 1). This model provides a good basis for understanding the role of the environment in the causal pathway for injuries.
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Transfer of energy to the host is the final step in the causal pathway for injuries, but many factors influence the nature of this exchange and its consequences. Energy that causes injuries can be in several forms, including kinetic, chemical, or thermal. For example, kinetic energy causes motor-vehicle-related injuries, and thermal energy causes burns. Lack of metabolic energy that occurs through external forces, such as during drowning or suffocation, can also be included in the definition of injuries. Energy can be transferred to a
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CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT |
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HISTORY OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION |
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ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES TO REDUCE INJURIES IN THE PRE-EVENT PHASE |
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Modification of the roadway environment
Modifications to reduce violence in the workplace
Modifications to protect the child pedestrian
Home modifications to reduce falls in the elderly
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ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES TO REDUCE INJURIES IN THE EVENT PHASE |
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Home modifications to reduce fire-related deaths and injuries
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ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES TO REDUCE INJURIES IN THE POST-EVENT PHASE |
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Modifications to the delivery of emergency and trauma care
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UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE |
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EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE ENVIRONMENT |
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CONCLUSION |
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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Reprint requests to Dr. Corinne Peek-Asa, University of Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center, 100 Oakdale Campus #114 IREH, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000 (e-mail: corinne-peek-asa@uiowa.edu).
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