Epidemiol Rev 2004;26:22-35
© 2004 by the Oxford University Press
The Social Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
From the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
Correspondence to Dr. David D. Celentano, Infectious Diseases Program, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street (E6008), Baltimore, MD 21205 (e-mail: decelenta@jhsph.edu).
Received for publication June 18, 2003; accepted for publication February 6, 2004.
Abbreviations: AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; STD, sexually transmitted disease.
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
 |
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
Social epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution of health outcomes and their social determinants (1). It builds on the classic epidemiologic triangle of host, agent, and environment to focus explicitly on the role of social determinants in infectious disease transmission and progression. These determinants are the "features of and pathways by which societal conditions affect health" (2, p. 697). Early studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) focused on individual characteristics and behaviors in determining HIV risk, an approach that Fee and Krieger (3) refer to as "biomedical individualism." Biomedical individualism is the basis of risk factor epidemiology; by contrast, the social epidemiology perspective emphasizes social conditions as fundamental causes of disease (4) (table 1). Social epidemiologists examine how persons become exposed to risk or protective factors and under what social conditions individual risk factors are
|
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
|---|
|
RESULTS: SOCIAL-LEVEL FACTORS AND HIV/AIDS |
|---|
Cultural context
Social networks
Neighborhood effects
Social capital
|
RESULTS: STRUCTURAL-LEVEL FACTORS AND HIV/AIDS |
|---|
Structural violence and discrimination
Race/ethnicity and racism. Gender and sexism. Stigma, discrimination, and collective denial. Legal structures
Demographic change
The policy environment
War and militarization
|
DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
|---|
|
APPENDIX |
|---|
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Y. Shaw, L. Shah, A. M. Jolly, and J. L. Wylie Identifying Heterogeneity Among Injection Drug Users: A Cluster Analysis Approach Am J Public Health, August 1, 2008; 98(8): 1430 - 1437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Buffardi, K. K. Thomas, K. K. Holmes, and L. E. Manhart Moving Upstream: Ecosocial and Psychosocial Correlates of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Young Adults in the United States Am J Public Health, June 1, 2008; 98(6): 1128 - 1136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Celikbas, O. Ergonul, N. Baykam, S. Eren, H. Esener, M. Eroglu, and B. Dokuzoguz Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of HIV/AIDS Patients in Turkey, Where the Prevalence Is the Lowest in the Region J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill), February 1, 2008; 7(1): 42 - 45. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Lopman, C. Nyamukapa, P. Mushati, Z. Mupambireyi, P. Mason, G. P Garnett, and S. Gregson HIV incidence in 3 years of follow-up of a Zimbabwe cohort--1998-2000 to 2001-03: contributions of proximate and underlying determinants to transmission Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2008; 37(1): 88 - 105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M Cohen, M. L Wilson, and A. E Aiello Analysis of social epidemiology research on infectious diseases: historical patterns and future opportunities J. Epidemiol. Community Health, December 1, 2007; 61(12): 1021 - 1027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Underhill, P. Montgomery, and D. Operario Sexual abstinence only programmes to prevent HIV infection in high income countries: systematic review BMJ, August 4, 2007; 335(7613): 248 - 248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Mari-Dell'Olmo, M. Rodriguez-Sanz, P. Garcia-Olalla, M I. Pasarin, M T. Brugal, J. A Cayla, and C. Borrell Individual and community-level effects in the socioeconomic inequalities of AIDS-related mortality in an urban area of southern Europe J. Epidemiol. Community Health, March 1, 2007; 61(3): 232 - 240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Solomon, J. J. Card, and R. M. Malow Adapting Efficacious Interventions: Advancing Translational Research in HIV Prevention. Eval Health Prof, June 1, 2006; 29(2): 162 - 194. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Rhodes and M. Simic Transition and the HIV risk environment BMJ, July 23, 2005; 331(7510): 220 - 223. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. F. Berkman Introduction: Seeing the Forest and the Trees--From Observation to Experiments in Social Epidemiology Epidemiol. Rev., July 1, 2004; 26(1): 2 - 6. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. F. Berkman Seeing the Forest and the Trees: New Visions in Social Epidemiology Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2004; 160(1): 1 - 2. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|