Epidemiologic Reviews Copyright © 2005 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health All rights reserved
ARTICLES |
Epidemiology of Tropical Cyclones: The Dynamics of Disaster, Disease, and Development
1 Center for Disaster Epidemiology and Emergency Preparedness (DEEP Center), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Correspondence to Dr. James M. Shultz, Center for Disaster Epidemiology and Emergency Preparedness, University of Miami School of Medicine, Highland Professional Building D-93, 1801 NW 9th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136 (e-mail: jshultz1@med.miami.edu).
Received for publication January 14, 2005; accepted for publication March 21, 2005.
CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention • EM-DAT, Emergency Disasters Database • PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder
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INTRODUCTION |
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Tropical cyclones—variously defined as hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones—regularly impact human populations and periodically produce devastating weather-related natural disasters. The epidemiology of tropical cyclones is fundamentally determined by the physical forces of massive cyclonic systems intersecting with patterns of human behavior. The destructive forces of cyclonic winds, inundating rains, and storm surge are frequently accompanied by floods, tornadoes, and landslides (1
, 2). Human factors include land use and settlement patterns, building design and construction, forecasting and warning systems, risk perception, evacuation, and sheltering. Preparedness and mitigation strategies for minimizing harm include family disaster planning, stocking of hurricane supplies, protection of home sites, timely response to public warnings, and alertness to poststorm hazards.
Public health consequences associated with tropical cyclones include storm-related mortality, injury, infectious disease, psychosocial effects, displacement and homelessness, damage to the health-care infrastructure, disruption of public health services, transformation of ecosystems, social dislocation, loss of jobs and
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TROPICAL CYCLONES: CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION |
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EXPOSURE TO THE FORCES OF TROPICAL CYCLONES: IMPLICATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGY |
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PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES |
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PUBLIC HEALTH OUTCOMES |
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Mortality
Cumulative mortality. Investigation of mortality. Mortality trends. Mortality and development. Injuries
Storm-associated injury. Injury by disaster phase. Injury and development. Infectious diseases
Infectious diseases and development. Malaria and vector control. Delayed-onset infectious disease. Infectious disease myths. Animal bites and arthropod bites and stings
Psychosocial consequences
Risk and protective factors. Adult PTSD. Ethnic differences. Children and adolescents. Pacific basin studies. Behavioral health and development. Economic impact
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PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF PUBLIC HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF TROPICAL CYCLONES |
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Forecasting
Warning
Evacuation
Shelter
Land-use planning
Building design and construction
Preparedness behaviors
Vulnerable populations
Risk perception
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EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS IN TROPICAL CYCLONE INVESTIGATION |
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CONCLUSION |
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