Epidemiologic Reviews Advance Access published online on May 3, 2007
Epidemiologic Reviews, doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm006
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Obesity and Prostate Cancer: Making Sense out of Apparently Conflicting Data
1 Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC
2 Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery and the Duke Prostate Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
3 Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
4 Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
5 Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
6 Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
Correspondence to Dr. Stephen J. Freedland, Division of Urologic Surgery, Box 2626, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 (e-mail: steve.freedland{at}duke.edu).
accepted for publication March 15, 2007.
Both obesity and prostate cancer are epidemic in Western society. Although initial epidemiologic data appeared conflicting, recent studies, especially large prospective studies published in the past 6–12 months, have clarified the association between obesity and prostate cancer. The aim of this paper is to review the epidemiologic data linking obesity and prostate cancer, with an emphasis on new data published since 2005. A PubMed search was done on the keywords, "prostate cancer" and "obesity." Relevant articles and their references were reviewed for data on the association between obesity and prostate cancer. Recent data suggest that obesity is associated with reduced risk of nonaggressive disease but increased risk of aggressive disease. This may in part be explained by an inherent bias in our ability to detect prostate cancer in obese men (lower prostate-specific antigen values and larger sized prostates making biopsy less accurate for finding an existing cancer). Ultimately, this leads to increased risk of cancer recurrence after primary therapy and increased risk of prostate cancer mortality. The biologic causes of these associations are likely multifactorial, although the lower testosterone levels among obese men appear to be one of the most promising explanations. The association between obesity and prostate cancer is complex. Emerging data suggest a differential effect of obesity by disease aggressiveness: obesity may reduce the risk of nonaggressive disease while it may promote aggressive disease.
body mass index • obesity • prostate-specific antigen • prostatic neoplasms • testosterone
CI, confidence intervalCPS, Cancer Prevention StudyIGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1PSA, prostate-specific antigenRR, relative risk
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